IRREGULAR MENSTRUAL CYCLE

We hear a lot about the menstrual "cycle," which can make it sound as though it happens like clockwork. And we say that a woman who gets her period every 4 weeks is "regular," as though there's something abnormal about women who don't. In fact, most women don't get their periods in exactly the same number of days after the last one.

The Menstrual Cycle

Most girls get their first period between the ages of 10 and 16. This is known as menarche (pronounced: meh-nar-kee).

Doctors often talk about a girl's monthly cycle — the number of days from the start of her period to the start of the next one — in terms of a 28-day cycle. But 28 is just an average figure that doctors use. Women's cycle lengths vary — some have a 24-day cycle, some have a 34-day cycle. And a girl may notice that her cycles are different lengths each month — especially for the few years after she first starts getting her period.

The first day a girl's period comes is Day 1 of her cycle. Around Day 5, her pituitary gland tells her ovaries to start preparing one of the eggs they contain for release. One egg will mature completely. At the same time, the lining of the uterus becomes thick to prepare a nesting place for a fertilized egg in the event that the girl becomes pregnant.

On or about Day 14 of a 28-day cycle, the egg breaks loose (this is called document. The egg makes its way through the fallopian tube into the uterus. If the egg hasn't been fertilized by sperm, it starts to fall apart. About 2 weeks later, the lining and egg leave a girl's body as her period and the whole thing starts all over again — that's why we use the word "cycle."

All this sounds very neat and orderly. But a girl's body may not follow this schedule exactly. It's not unusual, especially in the first 2 years after menarche, to skip periods or to have an irregular menstrual cycle. Illness, rapid weight change, or stress can also make things more unpredictable because the part of the brain that regulates periods is influenced by events like these.


SYMPTOMS


Physical Signs:


1.Irregular Periods (changes in frequency, duration, skipped periods, etc.)
2.Infertility
3.Hot Flashes and Night Sweats
4.Vaginal Dryness
5.Bladder Control Problems
6.Insomnia/Disrupted Sleep
7.Palpitations
8.Weight Gain (especially around your waist and abdomen)
9.Skin Changes (dryness, thinning look)
10.Headaches
11.Breast Tenderness
12.Gastrointestinal Distress and Nausea.
13.Tingling or Itchy Skin.
14."Buzzing" in your head, Electric Shock Sensation
15.Bloating
16.Dizziness/Lightheadedness
17.Sore Joints/Muscles
18.Hair Loss or Thinning
19.Increase in Facial Hair
20.Changes in Body Odor
21.Dry Mouth and Other Oral Symptoms



Emotional Signs:

1.Irritability
2.Mood Swings
3.Lowered Libido
4.Anxiety
5."Brain Fog" -- difficulty concentrating, confusion
6.Memory Lapses
7.Extreme Fatigue/Low Energy Levels
8.Confusion/Lack of Concentration
9.Feeling Emotionally Detached

WHY YOU GET THESE SYMPTOMS....AND WHAT YOU CAN DO ABOUT THEM

Here is a little more on the most common physical symptoms -- and some suggestions on how you can cope with them:

Irregular periods Your periods may come more frequently, every 24 days instead of every 28, or they may come later than they used to. You may have a light period that lasts only a few days, then the next month have very heavy bleeding. Your period may last a shorter amount of time, or go on and on for what feels like an eternity. You may skip a month, then go back to normal for several months, then skip two periods in a row...

This happens because, in the initial phases of premature menopause, your hormones are erratic -- and your periods are reacting to this instability.

The type of irregularity you experience is a usually a tip-off to what is happening in your body:

Shorter cycles (your period comes more frequently) usually signal that you are producing lower levels of estrogen during your preovulatory stage -- and that your FSH levels are higher than normal. With more FSH to stimulate them, your follicles are developing faster -- which shortens your cycle.

Extremely light periods usually means that you aren't making enough estrogen to build up your uterine lining. It can also be a sign of an anovulatory period.

Extremely heavy bleeding is also often a sign of an anovulatory period, but in this case, estrogen builds up the uterine lining at the same time that you aren't producing enough progesterone (since you haven't ovulated and so created a corpus luteum). Without progesterone to stop it, the uterine lining keeps building up, until the estrogen production finally drops off and the lining is shed.

Skipped/less frequent periods usually happens as your ovaries continue declining and your menstrual cycle starts cycling down. Over time, even extremely high levels of FSH don't produce enough estrogen for eggs to mature and for your uterine lining to thicken. As you get closer to menopause, your menstrual cycle usually lengthens. Periods come less frequently, there's more time between them. Then you may begin skipping periods. And eventually, in the biggest change in your menstrual cycle, you will stop having periods altogether.

Infertility Problems Possibly one of the most upsetting clues that you're in premature menopause is the inability to conceive. You may still be having your period, you may still assume everything is perfectly normal -- but you just can't get pregnant. Or you may be noticing irregular periods and assume there's something else wrong with you and never think it's menopause.

Hot Flashes Most people have heard of hot flashes and know them as the trademark symptom of menopause. About 75 to 85% of American women are estimated to get hot flashes when they're in menopause. And where premature menopause is concerned, hot flashes tend to be even more prevalent. Many studies indicate that if you go through natural menopause before age 52, you have an increased chance of having hot flashes. It's even more common for women who have had their ovaries surgically removed -- about 80 to 90% of these women typically get hot flashes.

Hot flashes usually start with a hot, prickly feeling in the middle of your back. A heat wave then rises to envelop your back, chest, neck, face and scalp. Your skin temperature can rise up to 8 degrees. Often if you touch your skin, it actually feels hot as though you've been out in the sun.Your pulse shoots up and you start sweating as your body tries to cool itself down. Sometimes you get a flush -- your face, neck and chest turn pink or even deep red. And very often, you suddenly shift from feeling incredibly hot and sweaty to feeling very chilled, even shivering. You may also get the nighttime version of hot flashes, night sweats.

How to Cope:The good news about hot flashes is that they can be controlled -- by HRT, and also to varying degrees by herbs, vitamins, natural supplements and other alternative methods, covered in chapters 5 and 6.. But there are other small things you can do to help deal with these so-called "power surges."

1.Try to reduce stress.
2.Watch what you wear -- choose natural fibers, layered and loose-fitting clothing.
3.Exercise.
4.Cut back on caffeine, alcohol and spicy foods.
5.Stay cool at night. Have cold water by your bed ready to drink at the first sign of a sweat. Use cotton sheets and cotton nightclothes (I found men's t-shirts to be the best -- cool and absorbent!). As with your clothing, sleep under layers, so you can kick off extra bed covers when you get out and replace them when the chills start.
6.Splash cold water on your face or wrists when a hot flash starts.

Vaginal Dryness and Atrophy When your estrogen levels drop, your vaginal tissues start drying and become less elastic. Sex becomes uncomfortable, you may be more prone to infections, your vagina is frequently itchy and easily irritated, and, on the emotional side, you may feel older.

Vaginal dryness and vaginal atrophy occur when your estrogen levels drop. Your vagina is usually very elastic, able to easily stretch for sex and childbirth. But as estrogen levels go down, your vaginal walls get thinner and lose some of their elasticity. Your vagina becomes dryer and takes longer to become lubricated. Finally, it may atrophy -- becoming somewhat smaller in width and length. If you experience a sudden drop in estrogen (as you do with surgical menopause), these vaginal symptoms might appear more suddenly than if you go through a natural premature menopause. Either way, though, it's a very unpleasant side effect of going through menopause -- and often very emotionally upsetting when you're in your 20s or 30s.

You may find it takes longer and longer to get sexually aroused. Sexual stimulation that you used to enjoy may become unpleasant. Intercourse can be very uncomfortable, even painful. In a worse case scenario, your vagina may even tear during intercourse. All in all, sex may become less and less pleasurable -- making you feel even worse about being in premature menopause. I remember I began thinking that, at the not-so-ripe age of 38, my days of enjoying sex were over -- and was very glad when I learned that I was wrong.

How to Cope:

When you raise your estrogen levels through HRT, your vaginal tissues generally improve dramatically. In addition to standard estrogen replacement therapy (by pills or patches) you can also use a vaginally-inserted estrogen cream or an estrogen ring specifically designed to help with vaginal dryness and atrophy. But there are other things you can try as well.

1.Have more sex -- it's one of the simplest -- and probably most fun! -- ways of combating vaginal dryness. Regular sex helps prevent vaginal dryness.
2.Use a lubricant to help with the loss of lubrication -- such as Astroglide, Lubrin, or KY Jelly., or a product that enhances vaginal moisture such as Replens.
3.Avoid anything that can irritate or dry your vagina -- including perfumed bath oil or bubble bath and perfumed toilet papers.
4.Also avoid antihistamines and certain decongestants.
5.Vitamin E -- a capsule directly inserted in your vagina -- often helps with lubrication.

Bladder Control Problems

This sign of menopause is connected with vaginal dryness and atrophy -- and, honestly, it sounds much worse than it is. You're not going to suddenly have to start wearing Depends. You may, however, notice that you have to urinate more frequently or with more urgency, or you may have urinary stress incontinence, little leaks when you exert yourself. Again, this is a function of lower-than-normal estrogen levels. Your bladder and urethra are formed from the same tissues as your vagina when you're a developing embryo. So, just like your vagina loses muscular tone and elasticity when estrogen production lags, your lower urinary tract does as well. The lining of your urethra becomes thinner, and the surrounding muscles become weaker. As a result, when you place stress on your bladder -- through coughing, sneezing, laughing, or strenuous exercising, you many release a tiny bit of urine. And it is usually only a tiny amount, so there's no need to imagine a real disaster.

If you're experiencing severe urinary incontinence, though, do see a doctor. A small degree of bladder control difficulty is common in the early stages of menopause, but a greater degree of difficulty can be indicative of another problem -- one that may require drugs or even surgery. If it's mild, however, chances are it's connected with your depleted estrogen. Even so, though, it's probably wise to check with your doctor to be sure there is no other cause. Frequent urination may be a sign of bladder infection or diabetes, for example. All in all, it's a good idea just to be sure that what you're experiencing is just another sign of menopause and not something else.

How to Cope:

Since bladder control problems are often a result of low estrogen levels, taking estrogen generally helps -- and may completely reverse any symptoms. But there are other things you can do:

1.Try Kegel exercises - exercises specially designed to help strengthen the muscles around the vagina and bladder opening. An added bonus: since Kegels help your vaginal as well as your bladder muscles, they also can improve your sex life.
2.Cut back on caffeine and alcohol, since both make you urinate more frequently.

Insomnia/Disrupted Sleep

If you're waking up a lot at night, tossing and turning, and generally suffering with insomnia, it might be connected with menopause. When you begin going through menopause, you may find that your sleep is less and less restful -- when you sleep at all. In the past, doctors believed that interrupted sleep was a consequence of night sweats, but recent studies indicate that you can also have problems with sleep that aren't connected to hot flashes. Typically, the frequency of insomnia doubles from the amount you may have had before you entered premature menopause. And research also indicates that women begin to experience restless sleep as many as five to seven years before entering menopause. Again, though, the problem is recognizing that the insomnia you're suffering from has its roots in changes in your hormone levels.

How to Cope:

As with many of the other symptoms, HRT and alternative therapies often work well. In addition, disturbed sleep patterns often level off after a few years. But, of course, you probably don't want to wait a few years. You may want to try the usual tips for getting better sleep. Among them:

1.Drink herbal tea -- like chamomile tea -- before going to bed.
2.Other herbs -- such as valerian -- are natural sedatives that may help.
3.Avoid caffeine, alcohol and other stimulants (like cigarettes) before bedtime -- and avoid strenuous exercise close to your bedtime.
4.Keep your bedroom cool.

Palpitations It's a frightening sensation -- one that may happen at the same time as a hot flash or by itself: For no obvious reason, your heart suddenly starts pounding, racing faster and faster. You can be sitting calmly, or lying in bed just before going to sleep and it comes out of nowhere. Sometimes it makes you so nervous, it can blow up in to a full-fledged panic attack. And if you don't know that you're going through premature menopause and that palpitations are often a sign of menopause, you can think there's something seriously wrong with you.

But palpitations are another not-so-fun sign of menopause -- and one that many women experience. Do keep in mind though: They may signal something else though -- such as hyperthyroidism or mitral valve prolapse -- so don't automatically write off palpitations as a sign of premature menopause. Talk to your doctor to rule out any other, possibly more serious, conditions.

If you get a clean bill of health, there's a good chance that the palpitations are connected with your premature menopause. This is one of those symptoms, though, that some doctors don't associate with menopause, so don't be surprised if your doctor tells you that it must be stress (that catch-all condition) causing your heart troubles. If you've had palpitations in the past, they may get worse when you begin going through menopause.

How to Cope:

1.The best thing to do is probably the hardest thing to do: Calm down.
2.In general, try to keep stress at a minimum.
3.Try relaxation techniques when palpitations hit -- such as deep breathing, imagery, etc.
4.If you smoke, consider quitting, since that often makes palpitations worse.
5.Limit the amounts of alcohol and caffeine you consume.

Weight GainWeight gain -- specifically a thickening in your middle -- is another sign of changing hormones. While a number of books and doctors claim that menopause has nothing to do with weight gain -- that weight gain occurs in menopausal women because they're older and their metabolism is slowing down -- other studies indicate that hormone levels are tied to weight gain and redistribution of fat.

This makes sense since, when you're going through premature menopause, you're not middle-aged -- so what you're getting isn't middle-aged spread. It's menopause spread, for lack of a better term. According to some studies, this occurs for two reasons: First, your progesterone levels are decreasing -- and progesterone increases your metabolic rate. So with lower progesterone levels, you have a slower metabolic rate. Second, estrogen is produced and stored in fat cells. So as your estrogen levels drop, your body is trying to increase its estrogen by upping its fat cells. Finally, with a drop in female hormones, your body starts mimicking male fat distribution -- an apple shape rather than a pear. In other words, you put more weight on in your abdomen than in the past. This accounts for the mysteriously shrinking waistline.

Weight gain and redistribution of fat is one of those signs of premature menopause that is very easy to overlook. Since it happens over a period of time, you might not notice your body shape changing. But if you haven't changed your eating or exercise habits and you've been noticing a new fatter you -- chances are it's related to your hormones.

How to Cope Yet again, you'll notice a change if you opt for HRT or other natural alternatives. In addition, changes in diet and exercise can help rev up your body's metabolic rate.

Changes in your Skin: Wrinkling and Loss of Muscle Tone

When your estrogen levels drop, your collagen production usually slows down as well. And, as you know from reading all the ads for moisturizers and facial creams, collagen is responsible for keeping our skin toned, fresh-looking, resilient. So when you start running low on collagen, it shows in your skin. It gets thinner, drier, flakier, less youthful-looking.

This is another of those symptoms of menopause that makes you feel older before your time -- and, in this case, it's clear why. You may look a little older than you used to. Worst, this sign often shows up early in menopause. Like bone loss, which occurs rapidly in the first few years of menopause, collagen loss is most rapid at the beginning of menopause as well. According to studies, premature menopause leads to more rapid bone loss than menopause that occurs at the normal age -- so it's possible that premature menopause also leads to more rapid collagen loss. The bottom line is, well, more lines....and before you expected them.

How to Cope

Since this change in your skin occurs because of low estrogen levels, when you increase your estrogen levels (either through HRT or phytoestrogens like soy or flaxseed), you will see a definite improvement. Other than this though, there isn't a lot you can do. Using moisturizers helps somewhat by temporarily plumping up the top layer of skin, but the effect is short-lived. And regardless of advertising claims about "collagen-enriched" creams, and so forth, remember that to really work on your skin, collagen must come from within, not be applied from without.

Headaches During the early stages of menopause, you may find that you're getting more -- and worse -- headaches. This is often caused by your dropping estrogen levels. Many women with regular menstrual cycles get headaches just before their periods or at ovulation. These headaches, sometimes called "menstrual migraines" occur when estrogen levels plunge during the menstrual cycle. So, when your body begins slowing down its production of estrogen due to premature menopause, you may wind up getting one of these hormonally-induced headaches. This also can happen when your progesterone levels are too high in relation to your estrogen levels -- a common hormone scenario for women at the beginning of menopause. Generally, these headaches diminish once your hormone levels stabilize.

How to Cope

If your headaches are caused by low estrogen, it follows that taking estrogen may take care of them. But, if you suffer from migraines, HRT may actually increase your symptoms.

1.Try standard over-the-counter remedies -- anti-inflammatories like aspirin or ibuprofen.
2.Certain herbs -- such as feverfew -- are also supposed to help according to several women. Recent studies indicate that feverfew is effective for migraines and other headaches, however, as with any herbal or medicinal remedy, it is wise to check with a doctor before using. In the case of feverfew, be sure to look for products that guarantee at least 0.2 percent of "parthenolide" (the active ingredient) on their label.
3.If the headaches are crippling, talk to your doctor about taking a prescription anti-migraine medication. If you are getting very bad migraines, your only course of action may be taking prescription drugs that specifically help with these intense headaches. Discuss this with your doctor to see if you could benefit from such medication.

Other Physical Signs You May Notice The following symptoms are less obvious and less common, but still are often signs of premature menopause:

Breast Tenderness -- similar to the feeling you get just before your period, your breasts may feel swollen and tender to the touch. This can last for days or weeks -- and unlike the normal breast tenderness from PMS, getting your period often doesn't help relieve this discomfort.

Gastrointestinal Distress and Nausea -- gas, indigestion, heartburn and a green feeling that comes and goes -- and often seems to have no relation to what you've eaten.

Tingling or Itchy Skin -- this may feel like the "creepy-crawlies" as if bugs were walking all over you, a burning sensation like an insect sting, or just super-sensitivity.

"Buzzing" in your head -- an electrical feeling that zaps through your head, often occurs with hot flashes. You may also feel this shock sensation under your skin.

Bloatedness -- a puffy bloated feeling that seems to come out of nowhere; usually you'll notice bouts of this -- you'll be fine for a while, then bloated, then okay again. Unlike PMS bloating, this bloating often doesn't diminish after a period.

Dizziness/Lightheadedness -- sometimes comes with hot flashes, sometimes comes for no apparent reason. This may happen due to a higher progesterone level in relation to your estrogen level

Sore Joints/Muscles -- similar to flu symptoms or arthritis, this often is connected to estrogen deficiency.

Hair Loss or Thinning -- connected to estrogen deficiency, since the hair follicles need estrogen; some women notice this before any other sign because it is so obvious -- you'll notice hair in your brush, your hair may also get drier and more brittle or notice a thinning or loss of pubic hair.

Increase in Facial Hair -- the flip side to the above, you may notice hair growth on your chin, upper lip, abdomen or chest. This hair is often coarser or darker, as well, and happens when your estrogen levels decrease -- and your male hormones have a greater effect or in reaction to high levels of LH

Changes in Body Odor.

Dry Mouth and Other Oral Symptoms -- caused by drying of the mucous membranes due to low estrogen; can include bitter taste in your mouth and bad breath. You also may notice drying in your eyes and nostrils.

SILICOSIS

What is Silicosis?

Silicosis is an occupational lung disease. Silicosis is a respiratory disease caused by inhalation of silica dust.

When crystalline silica (a component of silica dust) is inhaled, it causes inflammation of the lung tissue. This inflammation leads to scar tissue formation on the lungs. The scar tissue obstructs the flow of oxygen into the lungs and into the bloodstream.

If silicosis is left untreated, it can eventually result in death.
Silicosis is also called dust consumption, grinder's asthma, grinder's rot, grit consumption, mason's disease, miner's asthma, miner's phthisis, potter's rot, rock tuberculosis, and stonemason's disease.

Complications of Silicosis?

Silicosis can also make an individual susceptible to bacterial or fungal infections. It can also lead to other respiratory diseases such as lung cancer and tuberculosis.

Symptoms of Silicosis?

The most common early symptoms include:

1.Shortness of breath following physical exertion
2.Cough
3.Minor fatigue
4.Loss of appetite
5.Occasional chest pains
6.Bluish skin—at edges of extremities

As crystalline silica exposure continues, symptoms usually become worse. Symptoms get worse because the lung cell and tissues become more scarred and are less able to function normally.
More severe symptoms of silicosis include:

1.Chronic shortness of breath
2.A persistent cough
3.Severe fatigue
4.Chest pains
5.Fever
6.Weight Loss
7.Night sweats
8.Advanced degree of cyanosis (bluish skin)
9.Respiratory failure

What is Silica?

Crystalline silica is a naturally occurring mineral. It is white or colorless and found in the earth's crust. Crystalline silica is a core component of quartz, sand, flint, agate, granite, and many other mineral rocks.

Who is at Risk for Silicosis?

Anyone who is exposed to crystalline silica is susceptible to developing silicosis. However, silicosis typically affects workers in the following professions:

1.construction workers
2.sandblasters
3.quarry workers
4.rock drillers
5.foundry workers
6.railroad workers
6.concrete blasters and cutters
7.brick masons
8.pottery workers
9.ship workers
10.miners
11.glass workers
12.welders

Types of Silicosis?

There are three main types of Silicosis. Each type is characterized by the level and duration of exposure to crystalline silica.

1. Chronic Silicosis

Chronic silicosis usually occurs after 10 or more years of low-level exposure to crystalline silica. Chronic silicosis is the most common form of the disease and can go many years without detection.

2. Accelerated Silicosis

Accelerated Silicosis typically occurs with moderate to high levels of exposure over a 5 to 10 year period. Accelerated Silicosis is often triggered when workers have direct contact with split or fractured rocks that contain potent concentrations of silica dust particles;

3. Acute Silicosis

Acute Silicosis is the most dangerous form of silicosis. It is the most dangerous because it involves the highest levels of exposure.

How to Prevent Silicosis?

Silicosis can be prevented when employees and employers are given sufficient education and training, proper facilities and removal systems, and appropriate warnings and compliance with government regulations.

Can Silicosis be cured?

Currently, silicosis cannot be cured.

What to do if you have Silicosis?

If you have silicosis and believed you developed it while working, contact an attorney that deals with silicosis cases.

CHICKENPOX

What Is Chicken Pox?

Chickenpox is a rash illness caused by a virus. Once a person is exposed to the chickenpox virus, it takes between 2 and 3 weeks before the symptoms appear. Chickenpox usually occurs in childhood. Adults who contract chicken pox are usually more ill, especially with pneumonia. Chickenpox is very common and highly contagious. Approximately 3 million cases occur each year in the United States. More than 90% of Chickenpox cases occur in children less than 12 years of age.

Symptoms of Chickenpox?

The symptoms of chickenpox vary from individual to individual. Some people may experience all of these symptoms while others experience one or two.

The most common symptoms of chickenpox are:

1.Mild fever. The fever varies between 101º F to 105º F and returns to normal when the blisters have disappeared.
2.backache
3.headache
4.sore throat
5.a rash (red spots)
6.blisters filled with fluid

How is Chickenpox Transmitted?

Chickenpox is transmitted through the air. When a patient with chickenpox coughs or sneezes, they expel tiny droplets that carry the chicken pox virus (varicella-zoster virus, VZV). If a person who has never had chicken pox inhales these particles, the virus enters the lungs and is carried through the blood to the skin where it causes the typical rash of chicken pox. The infected droplets cause an initial infection in the respiratory epithelium.

The incubation period of chickenpox is between 10 and 20 days.
Before the typical rash appears, patients often develop a fever, headache, swollen glands and other flu like symptoms.

Skin vesicles contain the virus but are not the primary sources. Scabs are not infectious. Patients are contagious from 2 days before onset of the rash until all lesions have crusted.

Can Chickenpox be prevented?

Chickenpox can be prevented . The easiest way to prevent catching chicken pox is to get vaccinated. However, vaccination is only successful in 70% to 90% of all vaccinations. Individuals who have been vaccinated but still acquire chickenpox, usually have a milder disease that heals more quickly than non vaccinated individuals.Chickenpox and PregnancyChickenpox can cause serious problems during pregnancy, especially when infection occurs early in the pregnancy or at the time of delivery. If chickenpox occurs early in pregnancy, several types of fetal abnormalities, including limb abnormalities, scarring of internal organs and neurological damage can occur. Pregnant women who suspect exposure to chickenpox should immediately contact their healthcare provider.

FLU

What is the Flu?

The Flu is a contagious disease that is caused by the influenza virus. It is a viral infection of the respiratory tract that causes fever, headache, muscle aches, and weakness. The flu is different from a cold. The flu usually comes on suddenly. The flu is also called: Asian flu; Asian flu type A; Asian flu type B; Flu; Influenza A; Influenza B.
If you have the flu, you should:

1.Rest;
2.Drink plenty of liquids;
3.Avoid using alcohol and tobacco; and
4.Take medication to relieve the symptoms of flu.

What are the Symptoms?

Symptoms start 1-4 days after the virus enters the body. There are several symptoms for the Flu.

The most common symptoms are:fever, cough with or without mucus, nasal discharge, headache, muscle aches and stiffness, shortness of breath, chills, sweating, fatigue, malaise, stuffy nose,sore throat , clammy skin, nosebleed, nausea and vomiting diarrhea, loss of appetite.

What Causes the Flu?

The flu is caused by a virus. It is transmitted from person to person, usually by inhaling infected droplets from the air.

Can the Flu be spread to others?

Yes. A person who has the flu can spread the flu starting one day before they begin to feel sick. The amount of time a person can spread the flu depends on whether they are an adult or child.
Adults can pass the flu virus to others 3-7 days after their symptoms begin. Children can pass the virus for longer than 7 days.

Can the flu be Prevented?

Yes. Certain strains of the flu virus can be prevented by Anti-influenza vaccines, also called flu shots.

PNEUMONIA

What is Pneumonia?

Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung caused by infection with bacteria, viruses, and other organisms. Pneumonia is usually triggered when a patient's defense system is weakened, most often by a simple viral upper respiratory tract infection or a case of influenza.
There are two main types of pneumonia: lobar and bronchial. Lobar pneumonia is when the infection invades one section, or lobe, of a lung. Bronchial pneumonia is when the pneumonia spreads to several patches in one or both lungs. Each year, about 5 million Americans develop pneumonia.

What Causes Pneumonia?

Pneumonia is usually triggered when a patient's defense system is weakened, most often by a simple viral upper respiratory tract infection or a case of influenza.
Pneumonia can also be caused by a cold or flu. This kind of pneumonia is called 'walking pneumonia'. Pneumonia can also send you to bed coughing, with chills and a fever. In some instances, if your immune system is already compromised, pneumonia can be a serious threat to your life.

The usual cause of pneumonia is a virus or bacteria. However, some types of fungi and parasites can also cause it. Pneumonia can also be caused by breathing in chemical fumes.

How is Pneumonia treated?

Pneumonia is treated with rest and medication. It can take between a week and several weeks to overcome pneumonia.

What are the Symptoms of Pneumonia?

The symptoms depend on if the pneumonia was caused by a virus or bacteria. Viral pneumonia and bacterial pneumonia have different symptoms.

Viral pneumonia usually starts out feeling like flu. The symptoms are: a mild fever, headache, and dry cough, muscles aches, and weakness. However, with pneumonia, 12 to 36 hours later, things will become worse. Your cough will get stronger and you may bring up mucus, your fever may rise, and it becomes harder to breathe.

Bacterial pneumonia can develop slowly, or it can hit you very quickly. Your fever may get as high as 105 degrees. The symptoms are: high fever, chills, sweating, racing pulse, pain in your chest, and you may cough up green or rust-colored mucus.

STREP THROAT

What is Strep Throat?

Strep throat, is an infection of the mucous membranes lining the pharynx. Strep throat is caused by bacteria. Sometimes the tonsils are also infected (tonsillitis).

Strep throat accounts for between five and ten percent of all sore throats. Although anyone can get strep throat, it is most common in school age children. People who smoke, who are fatigued, run down, or who live in damp, crowded conditions are also more likely to become infected with strep throat. Children under age two and adults who are not around children are less likely to get strep throat.

Strep throat occurs most frequently from November to April.

Strep throat is also called Streptococcal sore throat.

How is Strep Throat Transmitted?

Strep Throat is transmitted directly from person to person by coughing, sneezing, and close contact. Very occasionally strep throat is passed through food, when a food handler infected with strep throat accidentally contaminates food by coughing or sneezing.

What causes Strep Throat?

Strep throat is caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria.

What are the Symptoms of Strep Throat?

Some of the symptoms of strep throat are:

1.a painful sore throat
2.high fever
3.chills
4.headache
5.muscle aches
6.bright red tongue
7.swollen lymph glands
7.nausea

Infants with strep throat often have a thick colorful nose drainage and possibly a low-grade fever, with a decrease in appetite.

Young children may complain of abdominal pain. The tonsils look swollen and are bright red, with white or yellow patches of pus on them. Sometimes the roof of the mouth is red or has small red spots.

Preventing Strep Throat

There is really no way to prevent getting strep throat. Some of the common ways to help prevent getting strep throat are: covering her mouth when she sneezes to keep from spreading the bacteria; wash their hands after sneezing, blowing their noses, and before cooking or eating; wash dishes, drinking glasses, and knives, forks, and spoons in hot, soapy water; and keep sores and cuts clean.

FEVER

Also called: Pyrexia

A fever is a body temperature that is higher than normal. It is not an illness. It is part of your body's defense against infection. Most bacteria and viruses that cause infections do well at the body's normal temperature (98.6 F). A slight fever can make it harder for them to survive. Fever also activates your body's immune system.

Infections cause most fevers. There can be many other causes, including

1.Medicines
2.Heat exhaustion
3.Cancers
4.Autoimmune diseases

Treatment depends on the cause of your fever. Your health care provider may recommend using over-the-counter medicines such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen to lower a very high fever. Adults can also take aspirin, but children with fevers should not take aspirin. It is also important to drink enough liquids to prevent dehydration.

Types of Fever

Continued Fever - the temperature remains above normal for long period of time.

Intermittent Fever - type of fever wherein body temperature periodically rises and falls.

Relapsing Fever - type that recurs sometimes a number of times, several days after the temperature has returned to normal.

Stages of Fever:

In the first stage of fever also known as the invasion period the patient will experience chill, loss of appetite, and headache. Chill occurs, occurs because of the tightening of blood vessels near the skin.

In the next stage, the body is hot and flushed, the skin dry, and the pulse and respiration are rapid. The patient will experience thirst and he/she will feel restless. In high fever, delirium and convulsions may occur.

In the final stage before returning to normal, the temperature falls, breathing and pulse slow down, and the skin becomes moist. The patient often sweats.

What are the signs and symptoms of a Fever?

There are different symptoms of a fever. The symptoms of a fever depends on what is causing it. Sometimes a fever can cause a chill. A chill occurs because when the brain raises the body's "thermostat," the body responds by shivering to raise the temperature. Shivering produces heat in the body. Once the temperature goes up, the person often feels warm. When the fever goes away, the person may start to sweat.

What causes a Fever?

Fever can be caused by many conditions. Some conditions that cause them are: infections such as strep throat, pneumonia, flu and chickenpox, tissue injuries,silicosis, tumors or cancer diseases that cause inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, medications, and being in a hot environment for too long.

Risks during a Fever?

The main risk of mild or moderate fevers is dehydration. When a person has a fever, they need more fluids than usual. A fever greater than 106 degrees Fahrenheit can result in brain damage and possibly death. Fevers greater than 106 degrees are very unusual.

Why Drink Plenty of Fluids?

It is important to drink fluids when you have a fever. It is important because fever causes considerable fluid loss through the skin and perspiration. Because it is difficult to measure fluid loss, it is good to drink 1 to 2 quarts of extra fluid each day that you have a fever.

How are Fevers diagnosed?

A thermometer is used to measure the body temperature. The temperature can be taken in the mouth, rectum, ear, or under the arm.

How are Fevers treated?

Treatment is usually directed at whatever is causing the fever. Some steps that can help bring down a fever or comfort a person include the following: Acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help reduce a fever. Fevers greater than 106 degrees F are very serious. These high fevers need to be treated in the hospital. If you believe you may have a fever, please consult your doctor.

Fever Seizures?

A child with a high fever may have a febrile seizure. Symptoms of a seizure include shaking or jerking of the arms and legs, a fixed stare or the eyes rolling back, drooling, heavy breathing, and the skin turning blue. If your child has a febrile seizure, contact your doctor immediately.
The majority of children with febrile seizures have rectal temperatures greater than 102 degrees F. Most febrile seizures occur during the first day of a child's fever. Children prone to febrile seizures are not considered to have epilepsy, since epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures that are not triggered by fever.

ACIDITY

What is ACIDITY?
The stomach normally secretes acid that is essential in the digestive process. This acid helps in breaking down the food during digestion. When there is excess production of acid by the gastric glands of the stomach, it results in the condition known as acidity. Dyspepsia, heartburn and the formation of ulcers are some of the symptoms. It is more common in highly emotional and nervous individuals.

Most acidity problems occur

1.After meals
2.When lifting weight or straining and applying pressure in the intra-abdominal area.
3.At night when lying down.
4.Ulcers also occur as a result of over secretion of acid.

Home Remedies for Acidity

Tip 1:After all three meals, take a small piece of jaggery and keep it in your mouth and suck. no more acidity.

Tip 2: Boil one cup of water. To this add 1 tsp of Aniseed (Saunf). Cover and leave overnight. Strain the water in the morning, add 1 tsp of honey. When this is taken 3 times a day it prevents acidity.

Tip 3: To 1 ½ liters of water add 1 tsp caraway seeds (shah jeera).Bring to a boil and simmer for 15 minutes. Sip while warm. Have the concoction 2-3 times a day for 5-6 days.

Tip 4: Powder one clove and one cardamom; use the powder as a mouth freshener after every meal. No more acidity and no more bad breath.


What are the causes of acidity?

A weakness of the valve between the stomach and oesophagus (food pipe) can cause a reflux of the acid from the stomach to the lower part of the oesophagus. This gastro-oesophageal reflux can cause heart-burn. Sometimes, a heavy meal or increase in intra-abdominal pressure such as while straining or lifting weights, can bring about this reflux. Excess acid secretion can also cause acidity and ulcers, when the normal protective lining of the stomach and duodenum (the part of the intestine that joins the stomach), is damaged.

The resulting ulcer is called gastric ulcer if it is in the stomach and duodenal ulcer if it is in the duodenum. In a condition known as Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome, a large amount of acid is secreted because of stimulation by tumours located in the pancreas or duodenum. Any kind of break down in the defense mechanisms that protect the stomach and intestine from damage by acid can cause acidity. The body secretes bicarbonate into the mucous layer, which neutralises the acid. Hormone-like substances known as prostaglandins, help to keep the blood vessels in the stomach dilated, ensuring adequate blood flow.

Lack of adequate blood flow to the stomach may contribute to ulcers. Prostaglandins are also believed to stimulate bicarbonate and mucous production, which help protect the stomach. Consumption of alcohol, highly spicy foodstuffs, irregular food habits, and Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) also predispose to gastric acidity. There is a higher incidence of acidity in highly emotional and nervous individuals. It is also more common in the developed and industrialized nations, though a recent increase in incidence has also occurred in the developing countries

What are the symptoms of acidity?

The main symptoms of acidity are Heartburn and Dyspepsia.
Heartburn is characterized by a deeply placed, burning pain in the chest behind the sternum (breast-bone). It occurs after meals and is precipitated by increase in intra-abdominal pressure like straining or lifting weights. It is more common at night when a person is lying down. Heartburn is usually relieved when the person sits up. Regurgitation of the gastric contents may also occur.

The symptoms of ulcers are mainly pain that can be either localized or diffuse. Sometimes it radiates to the back or to the chest.Dyspepsia is a burning or an aching pain in the upper abdomen, sometimes described as a stabbing sensation penetrating through the gut. In rare cases there may be no pain, but only a feeling of indigestion, fullness, bloating, flatulence or nausea. When the cause is a duodenal ulcer, having a meal usually relieves the pain. But in the case of a gastric ulcer there may be no change, or the pain may become worse after eating. Peptic ulcer disease can sometimes occur without symptoms. Symptoms may also arise when there is no ulcer present, which is known as non-ulcer dyspepsia.

FITNESS BALL EXERCISES

It’s a dream of every one to lose weight, get into a good body shape, and be energetic.
It can be possible through signing up at local gyms.

However, most of the people prefer purchasing home fitness equipment for their convenience and effectiveness.

One of the best options to consider while purchasing home fitness equipment is fitness ball. Fitness ball is also known as exercise ball, gym ball, Pilate’s ball, therapy ball, yoga ball, sports ball, and Swiss ball.

The fitness ball exercise is becoming very popular for its wide benefits. The major benefit of a fitness ball exercise is it allows the body to react to the ball’s instability while maintaining your balance and involving more muscles too.

The fitness ball exercises mostly works on core muscles of the body, back muscles, and abdominal muscles.

The fitness ball exercises can be used to develop overall body strength and control of the core muscles, the abdominals, back, chest, arms, and legs. Want to try fitness ball exercises but don’t know how to start? You can try these fitness ball exercises given below.

Elevated Pushups

This fitness ball exercise works on muscles of shoulders, triceps [Tricep Exercises], and abs. To do this, keep the front of your knees on the ball and hands on the floor in such a way that your body is parallel to the floor.

Now, look down at the floor and lower your face to few more inches, then get back to the starting position.

Core Crunchers

This fitness ball exercise focuses on abs and core muscles. To do this exercise, stand on your knees, bend at the waist and place your elbows on the fitness ball.

Now, squeezing your abs, move the fitness ball forward until your upper body and thighs form a straight line. Then, return to your starting position.

Trunk Extension

This fitness ball exercise works on lower back muscles. Start this exercise by getting down on your knees and place your upper body on the top of the ball, with your hands behind your head or arms lightly squeezing the back of the ball.

Now, lift your chest from the ball until your spine is in a straight line or extended slightly. Then, get back to the starting position.

Basic Crunches

This exercise focuses on abs. To do this exercise, keep your feet flat on the floor, lower back on the ball, and upper body and thighs parallel to the floor. Do crunches routinely by lifting just your shoulders and upper back off the ball, by means of your abs.

Seated Wall Roll

This fitness ball exercise works on quadriceps, hamstrings and buttocks. To do this exercise, stand by keeping your back to the wall, feet shoulder-width apart, and set the ball in between the wall and your lower back.

Now squat yourself by allowing the ball to move along your back until you are in a “sitting” position (forty-five degrees angle). Then, get back to the starting position.

The best aspect about fitness ball exercises is that they work on multiple muscle groups and is possible to do several different variations with single equipment.

MUSIC ! AS MEDICINE

In a hospital intensive-care unit, patients on ventilators who listen to music of their choice actually relax, while those who don't hear music grow more tense. Exciting research suggests that the brain responds to music almost as if it were medicine. It may regulate some body functions, synchronize motor skills, stimulate the mind--even make us smarter.

What Music Can Do for You

Clinical studies and anecdotal evidence from music therapists suggest that the sound of music...
1.manages pain

2.improves mood and mobility of people with Parkinson's disease

3.reduces the need for sedatives and pain relievers during and after surgery

4.decreases nausea during chemotherapy

5.helps patients participate in medical treatment that shortens hospital stays

6.relieves anxiety

7.lowers blood pressure

8.eases depression

9.enhances concentration and creativity

The best part is that to take advantage of music's healing power, you don't need to take a prescription to your local music store. You don't even have to go to the music store at all. The home remedies you need are probably already in your music collection.

IMMUNE SYSTEM

The Immune System -- An Overview

The immune system is composed of many interdependent cell types that collectively protect the body from bacterial, parasitic, fungal, viral infections and from the growth of tumor cells. Many of these cell types have specialized functions. The cells of the immune system can engulf bacteria, kill parasites or tumor cells, or kill viral-infected cells. Often, these cells depend on the T helper subset for activation signals in the form of secretions formally known as cytokines, lymphokines, or more specifically interleukins. Such an understanding may help comprehend the root of immune deficiencies, and perceive potential avenues that the immune system can be modulated in the case of specific diseases.

The Organs of the Immune System

Bone Marrow -- All the cells of the immune system are initially derived from the bone marrow. They form through a process called hematopoiesis. During hematopoiesis, bone marrow-derived stem cells differentiate into either mature cells of the immune system or into precursors of cells that migrate out of the bone marrow to continue their maturation elsewhere. The bone marrow produces B cells, natural killer cells, granulocytes and immature thymocytes, in addition to red blood cells and platelets.

Thymus -- The function of the thymus is to produce mature T cells. Immature thymocytes, also known as prothymocytes, leave the bone marrow and migrate into the thymus. Through a remarkable maturation process sometimes referred to as thymic education, T cells that are beneficial to the immune system are spared, while those T cells that might evoke a detrimental autoimmune response are eliminated. The mature T cells are then released into the bloodstream.

Spleen -- The spleen is an immunologic filter of the blood. It is made up of B cells, T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells and red blood cells. In addition to capturing foreign materials (antigens) from the blood that passes through the spleen, migratory macrophages and dendritic cells bring antigens to the spleen via the bloodstream. An immune response is initiated when the macrophage or dendritic cells present the antigen to the appropriate B or T cells. This organ can be thought of as an immunological conference center. In the spleen, B cells become activated and produce large amounts of antibody. Also, old red blood cells are destroyed in the spleen.

Lymph Nodes -- The lymph nodes function as an immunologic filter for the bodily fluid known as lymph. Lymph nodes are found throughout the body. Composed mostly of T cells, B cells, dendritic cells and macrophages, the nodes drain fluid from most of our tissues. Antigens are filtered out of the lymph in the lymph node before returning the lymph to the circulation. In a similar fashion as the spleen, the macrophages and dendritic cells that capture antigens present these foreign materials to T and B cells, consequently initiating an immune response.

Humans have three types of immunity — innate, adaptive, and passive:

Innate Immunity Everyone is born with innate (or natural) immunity, a type of general protection that humans have. Many of the germs that affect other species don't harm us. For example, the viruses that cause leukemia in cats or distemper in dogs don't affect humans.

Innate immunity works both ways because some viruses that make humans ill — such as the virus that causes HIV/AIDS — don't make cats or dogs sick either.Innate immunity also includes the external barriers of the body, like the skin and mucous membranes (like those that line the nose, throat, and gastrointestinal tract), which are our first line of defense in preventing diseases from entering the body. If this outer defensive wall is broken (like if you get a cut), the skin attempts to heal the break quickly and special immune cells on the skin attack invading germs.

Adaptive Immunity We also have a second kind of protection called adaptive (or active) immunity. This type of immunity develops throughout our lives. Adaptive immunity involves the lymphocytes (as in the process described above) and develops as children and adults are exposed to diseases or immunized against diseases through vaccination.

Passive Immunity Passive immunity is "borrowed" from another source and it lasts for a short time. For example, antibodies in a mother's breast milk provide an infant with temporary immunity to diseases that the mother has been exposed to. This can help protect the infant against infection during the early years of childhood.Everyone's immune system is different. Some people never seem to get infections, whereas others seem to be sick all the time. As people get older, they usually become immune to more germs as the immune system comes into contact with more and more of them. That's why adults and teens tend to get fewer colds than kids — their bodies have learned to recognize and immediately attack many of the viruses that cause colds.

Things That Can Go Wrong With the Immune System

Disorders of the immune system can be broken down into four main categories:
1.immunodeficiency disorders (primary or acquired) autoimmune disorders (in which the body's own immune system attacks its own tissue as foreign matter) allergic disorders (in which the immune system overreacts in response to an antigen) cancers of the immune system Immunodeficiency DisordersImmunodeficiencies occur when a part of the immune system is not present or is not working properly. Sometimes a person is born with an immunodeficiency — these are called primary immunodeficiencies. (Although primary immunodeficiencies are conditions that a person is born with, symptoms of the disorder sometimes may not show up until later in life.) Immunodeficiencies can also be acquired through infection or produced by drugs. These are sometimes called secondary immunodeficiencies.Immunodeficiencies can affect B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, or phagocytes. Some examples of primary immunodeficiencies that can affect kids and teens are:IgA deficiency is the most common immunodeficiency disorder. IgA is an immunoglobulin that is found primarily in the saliva and other body fluids that help guard the entrances to the body. IgA deficiency is a disorder in which the body doesn't produce enough of the antibody IgA. People with IgA deficiency tend to have allergies or get more colds and other respiratory infections, but the condition is usually not severe. Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is also known as the "bubble boy disease" after a Texas boy with SCID who lived in a germ-free plastic bubble. SCID is a serious immune system disorder that occurs because of a lack of both B and T lymphocytes, which makes it almost impossible to fight infections. DiGeorge syndrome (thymic dysplasia), a birth defect in which children are born without a thymus gland, is an example of a primary T-lymphocyte disease. The thymus gland is where T lymphocytes normally mature. Chediak-Higashi syndrome and chronic granulomatous disease both involve the inability of the neutrophils to function normally as phagocytes. Acquired immunodeficiencies usually develop after a person has a disease, although they can also be the result of malnutrition, burns, or other medical problems. Certain medicines also can cause problems with the functioning of the immune system. Secondary immunodeficiencies include:HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection/AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is a disease that slowly and steadily destroys the immune system. It is caused by HIV, a virus which wipes out certain types of lymphocytes called T-helper cells. Without T-helper cells, the immune system is unable to defend the body against normally harmless organisms, which can cause life-threatening infections in people who have AIDS. Newborns can get HIV infection from their mothers while in the uterus, during the birth process, or during breastfeeding. People can get HIV infection by having unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person or from sharing contaminated needles for drugs, steroids, or tattoos. Immunodeficiencies caused by medications. Some medicines suppress the immune system. One of the drawbacks of chemotherapy treatment for cancer, for example, is that it not only attacks cancer cells, but other fast-growing, healthy cells, including those found in the bone marrow and other parts of the immune system. In addition, people with autoimmune disorders or who have had organ transplants may need to take immunosuppressant medications. These medicines can also reduce the immune system's ability to fight infections and can cause secondary immunodeficiency. Autoimmune DisordersIn autoimmune disorders, the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's healthy organs and tissues as though they were foreign invaders. Autoimmune diseases include:Lupus is a chronic disease marked by muscle and joint pain and inflammation. The abnormal immune response may also involve attacks on the kidneys and other organs. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is a disease in which the body's immune system acts as though certain body parts such as the joints of the knee, hand, and foot are foreign tissue and attacks them. Scleroderma is a chronic autoimmune disease that can lead to inflammation and damage of the skin, joints, and internal organs. Ankylosing spondylitis is a disease that involves inflammation of the spine and joints, causing stiffness and pain. Juvenile dermatomyositis is a disorder marked by inflammation and damage of the skin and muscles. Allergic DisordersAllergic disorders occur when the immune system overreacts to exposure to antigens in the environment. The substances that provoke such attacks are called allergens. The immune response can cause symptoms such as swelling, watery eyes, and sneezing, and even a life-threatening reaction called anaphylaxis. Taking medications called antihistamines can relieve most symptoms. Allergic disorders include:Asthma, a respiratory disorder that can cause breathing problems, frequently involves an allergic response by the lungs. If the lungs are oversensitive to certain allergens (like pollen, molds, animal dander, or dust mites), it can trigger breathing tubes in the lungs to become narrowed, leading to reduced airflow and making it hard for a person to breathe. Eczema is an itchy rash also known as atopic dermatitis. Although atopic dermatitis is not necessarily caused by an allergic reaction, it more often occurs in kids and teens who have allergies, hay fever, or asthma or who have a family history of these conditions. Allergies of several types can occur in kids and teens. Environmental allergies (to dust mites, for example), seasonal allergies (such as hay fever), drug allergies (reactions to specific medications or drugs), food allergies (such as to nuts), and allergies to toxins (bee stings, for example) are the common conditions people usually refer to as allergies. Cancers of the Immune SystemCancer occurs when cells grow out of control. This can also happen with the cells of the immune system. Lymphoma involves the lymphoid tissues and is one of the more common childhood cancers. Leukemia, which involves abnormal overgrowth of leukocytes, is the most common childhood cancer. With current medications most cases of both types of cancer in kids and teens are curable.Although immune system disorders usually can't be prevented, you can help your child's immune system stay stronger and fight illnesses by staying informed about your child's condition and working closely with your doctor.

DIABETES TREATMENT

Tips to Reshape Behavior

1.Pan-fry or saute foods with a non-stick spray or low-calorie butter substitute. Bake or broil instead of frying.

2.Eat high-fiber foods, such as a bran muffin instead of the morning donut.

3.Use sugar substitutes when sweetening foods and beverages.

4.Order from the light menus now offered at many restaurants, or purchase low-calorie or
reduced-fat products at the grocery store.

5.Try a meal plan using "exchange lists" based on foods grouped together according to similar food values. Most exchange lists include several "free" foods: those lower than 20 calories per serving, such as many low-calorie, sugar-free foods and beverages.

6.Never skip meals. Eat three to six times a day in smaller portions to keep from getting hungry.

7.Use a smaller plate at mealtime to satisfy your psychological need to see a full plate.

8.Eat and chew slowly. Learn to stop eating before you feel full. (It takes 20 minutes for the stomach to tell the brain that it is full!)

9.Weigh yourself on a regular schedule, but don’t become a slave to your scale.

10.Reward yourself with pleasures other than food--buy some new clothes, get a different hair style, see a movie, visit a friend, etc.

How is diabetes treated?

The major goal in treating diabetes is to minimize any elevation of blood sugar (glucose) without causing abnormally low levels of blood sugar. Type 1 diabetes is treated with insulin,exercise, and a diabetic diet. Type 2 diabetes is treated first with weight reduction, a diabetic diet, and exercise. When these measures fail to control the elevated blood sugars, oral medications are used. If oral medications are still insufficient, treatment with insulin is considered.
Adherence to a diabetic diet is an important aspect of controlling elevated blood sugar in patients with diabetes.

The American Diabetes Association (ADA) has provided guidelines for a diabetic diet. The ADA diet is a balanced, nutritious diet that is low in fat, cholesterol, and simple sugars. The total daily calories are evenly divided into three meals. In the past two years, the ADA has lifted the absolute ban on simple sugars. Small amounts of simple sugars are allowed when consumed with a complex meal.Weight reduction and exercise are important treatments for diabetes. Weight reduction and exercise increase the body's sensitivity to insulin, thus helping to control blood sugar elevations.

SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES

The most consistent symptom of diabetes mellitus (Type I and II) is elevated blood sugar levels. In Type I (insulin dependent / early onset) diabetes, this is caused by the body not producing enough insulin to properly regulate blood sugar. In Type II (non insulin dependent/adult onset) diabetes, it is caused by the body developing resistance to insulin, so it cannot properly use what it produces.

However, high blood sugar is not something you can see in the mirror at home, so it is useful to know the side-effects of high blood sugar, which are commonly recognized as the noticeable symptoms of diabetes.If you find yourself experiencing many of these diabetes symptoms on a consistent, long term basis, you should visit a doctor to be tested for diabetes. Ignoring (or not recognizing) the symptoms of diabetes can lead to long-term serious health risks and complications from untreated diabetes. Some of the common 'early warning' signs of diabetes are:

1.The first symptom of diabetes is often excessive thirst (unrelated to exercise, hot weather, or short-term illness)

2.Excessive hunger (you know you've eaten "enough" but are still hungry all the time)

3.Frequent urination (often noticed because you must wake up repeatedly during the night)

4.Tiredness and fatigue (possibly severe enough to make you fall asleep unexpectedly after meals), one of the most common symptoms of diabetes.

5.Rapid and/or sudden weight loss (any dramatic change in weight is a sign to visit a doctor)

While many of the signs and symptoms of diabetes can also be related to other causes, testing for diabetes is very easy, and the constant/regular presence of one or more of these symptoms over an extended period of time should be cause for a visit to the doctor.If diabetes is suspected, tested for, and diagnosed when those symptoms first start appearing, other more serious symptoms of advanced diabetes can often be prevented or have their onset significantly delayed through diet, exercise and proper blood sugar management.

However, often the 'minor' symptoms of diabetes go unrecognized, and physical and neurological problems may arise, resulting in some of the following symptoms:

1.Blurred vision (diabetes can lead to macular degeneration and eventual blindness)

2.Numbness and/or tingling in the hands and feet (peripheral neuropathy, a symptom of diabetes, causes nerve damage in the extremities)

3.Slow healing of minor scratches and wounds (diabetes often leads to impaired immune system function)

4.Recurrent or hard-to-treat yeast infections in women (another sign of impaired immune function)

5.Dry or itchy skin (peripheral neuropathy also affects circulation and proper sweat gland function)

If you are experiencing any of these symptoms on a regular basis, or you recognize these symptoms in a child or relative, they may be signs of untreated diabetes. A doctor's appointment should be made as soon as possible, so the individual experiencing the symptoms can -- if diabetes is diagnosed -- take the steps needed to prevent more serious health problems.

DIABETES CAUSES

Type 1 diabetes is believed to be an autoimmune disease. The body's immune system attacks the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin.


1. A predisposition to develop type 1 diabetes may run in families but much less so than for type



2. 2.Environmental factors, such as certain types of viral infections, may also contribute.



3.Type 1 diabetes is most common in people of non-Hispanic white persons of Northern European descent, followed by African Americans and Hispanic Americans. It is relatively rare in those of Asian descent.



4.Type 1 diabetes is slightly more common in men than in women.


Type 2 diabetes: Type 2 diabetes is believed to have a strong genetic link, meaning that it tends to run in families. Several genes are being studied that may be related to the cause of type 2 diabetes. Risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes include the following:


1.High blood pressure

2.High blood triglyceride (fat) levels

3.Gestational diabetes or giving birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds

4.High-fat diet

5.High alcohol intake

6.Sedentary lifestyle

7.Obesity or being overweight

8.Ethnicity: Certain groups, such as African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Japanese Americans, have a greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes than non-Hispanic whites.

9.Aging: Increasing age is a significant risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Risk begins to rise significantly at about age 45 years, and rises considerably after age 65 years.

DIABETES

What is diabetes?
Diabetes is a disorder of metabolism—the way our bodies use digested food for growth and energy. Most of the food we eat is broken down into glucose, the form of sugar in the blood. Glucose is the main source of fuel for the body.

After digestion, glucose passes into the bloodstream, where it is used by cells for growth and energy. For glucose to get into cells, insulin must be present. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas, a large gland behind the stomach.

When we eat, the pancreas automatically produces the right amount of insulin to move glucose from blood into our cells. In people with diabetes, however, the pancreas either produces little or no insulin, or the cells do not respond appropriately to the insulin that is produced. Glucose builds up in the blood, overflows into the urine, and passes out of the body in the urine. Thus, the body loses its main source of fuel even though the blood contains large amounts of glucose.

SLEEPING DURING PREGNANCY

Why Can Sleeping Be Difficult During Pregnancy?

The first and most pressing reason behind sleep problems during pregnancy is the increasing size of the fetus, which can make it hard to find a comfortable sleeping position. If you've always been a back or stomach sleeper, you might have trouble getting used to sleeping on your side (as doctors recommend). Also, shifting around in bed becomes more difficult as the pregnancy progresses and your size increases.

Other common physical symptoms may interfere with sleep as well:

1.the frequent urge to urinate: Your kidneys are working harder to filter the increased volume of blood (30% to 50% more than you had before pregnancy) moving through your body, and this filtering process results in more urine. Also, as your baby grows and the uterus gets bigger, the pressure on your bladder increases. This means more trips to the bathroom, day and night. The number of nighttime trips may be greater if your baby is particularly active at night.

2.increased heart rate: Your heart rate increases during pregnancy to pump more blood, and as more of your blood supply goes to the uterus, your heart will be working harder to send sufficient blood to the rest of your body.

3.shortness of breath: At first, your breathing may be affected by the increase in pregnancy hormones, which will cause you to breathe in more deeply. This might make you feel as if you're working harder to get air. Later on, breathing may feel more difficult as your enlarging uterus takes up more space, resulting in pressure against your diaphragm (the muscle just below your lungs).

4.leg cramps and backaches: Pains in your legs or back are caused in part by the extra weight you're carrying. During pregnancy, the body also produces a hormone called relaxin, which helps prepare the body for childbirth. One of the effects of relaxin is the loosening of ligaments throughout the body, making pregnant women less stable and more prone to injury, especially in their backs.

5.heartburn and constipation: Many women experience heart burn, which occurs when the stomach contents reflux back up into the esophagus. During pregnancy, the entire digestive system slows down and food tends to remain in the stomach and intestines longer, which may cause heartburn or constipation. Heartburn and constipation can both get worse later on in the pregnancy when the growing uterus presses on the stomach or the large intestine.

Your sleep problems may have other causes as well. Many pregnant women report that their dreams become more vivid than usual, and some even experience nightmares. Stress can interfere with sleep, too. Maybe you're worried about your baby's health, anxious about your abilities as a parent, or feeling nervous about the delivery itself. All of these feelings are normal, but they might keep you (and your partner) up at night.

Finding a Good Sleeping Position

Early in your pregnancy, try to get into the habit of sleeping on your side. Lying on your side with your knees bent is likely to be the most comfortable position as your pregnancy progresses. It also makes your heart's job easier because it keeps the baby's weight from applying pressure to the large vein (called the inferior vena cava) that carries blood back to the heart from your feet and legs.

Some doctors specifically recommend that pregnant women sleep on the left side. Because your liver is on the right side of your abdomen, lying on your left side helps keep the uterus off that large organ. Sleeping on the left side also improves circulation to the heart and allows for the best blood flow to the fetus, uterus, and kidneys. Ask what your doctor recommends — in most cases, lying on either side should do the trick and help take some pressure off your back.

But don't drive yourself crazy worrying that you might roll over onto your back during the night. Shifting positions is a natural part of sleeping that you can't control. Most likely, during the third trimester of your pregnancy, your body won't shift into the back-sleeping position anyway because it will be too uncomfortable.

If you do shift onto your back and the baby's weight presses on your inferior vena cava, the discomfort will probably wake you up. See what your doctor recommends about this; he or she may suggest that you use a pillow to keep yourself propped up on one side.

Try experimenting with pillows to discover a comfortable sleeping position. Some women find that it helps to place a pillow under their abdomen or between their legs. Also, using a bunched-up pillow or rolled-up blanket at the small of your back may help to relieve some pressure. In fact, you'll find that there are many "pregnancy pillows" on the market. If you're thinking about purchasing one, talk with your doctor first about which one might work for you.

Tips for Sleeping Success

Although they might seem appealing when you're feeling desperate to get some ZZZs, remember that over-the-counter sleep aids, including herbal remedies, are not recommended for pregnant women. Instead, the following pointers may safely improve your chances of getting a good night's sleep:

1.Cut out caffeinated drinks like soda, coffee, and tea from your diet as much as possible. Restrict any intake of them to the morning or early afternoon.

2.Avoid drinking a lot of fluids or eating a full meal within a few hours of going to bed at night. (But make sure that you also get plenty of nutrients and liquids throughout the day.) Some women find it helpful to eat more at breakfast and lunch and then have a smaller dinner. If nausea is keeping you up, you may want to eat a few crackers before you go to bed.

3.Get into a routine of going to bed and waking up at the same time each day.

4.Avoid rigorous exercise right before you go to bed. Instead, do something relaxing, like soaking in a warm bath for 15 minutes or having a warm, caffeine-free drink, such as milk with honey or a cup of herbal tea.

5.If a leg cramp awakens you, it may help to press your feet hard against the wall or to stand on the leg. Also, make sure that you're getting enough calcium in your diet, which can help reduce leg cramps.

6.Take a class in yoga or learn other relaxation techniques to help you unwind after a busy day. (Be sure to discuss any new activity or fitness regimen with your doctor first.)

7.If fear and anxiety are keeping you awake, consider enrolling in a childbirth or parenting class. More knowledge and the company of other pregnant women may help to ease the fears that are keeping you awake at night.

What to Do When You Can't Sleep

Of course, there are bound to be times when you just can't sleep. Instead of tossing and turning, worrying that you're not asleep, and counting the hours until your alarm clock will go off, get up and do something: read a book, listen to music, watch TV, catch up on letters or email, or pursue some other activity you enjoy. Eventually, you'll probably feel tired enough to get back to sleep.
And if possible, take short naps (30 to 60 minutes) during the day to make up for lost sleep. It won't be long before your baby will be setting the sleep rules in your house, so you might as well get used to sleeping in spurts!

Keeping stress under control

Stress on the job can inspire you to push hard, but it can also sap the energy you need to care for yourself and your baby. To minimize workplace stress:
1.Take control. Make daily to-do lists and prioritize your tasks. Consider what you can delegate to someone else — or eliminate entirely.
2.Keep it positive. Look for the humor in stressful situations. Surround yourself with upbeat people.
3. Talk it out. Share frustrations with a supportive co-worker, friend or spouse.
4. Choose your battles. If you can't do anything to change a particular situation, let it go.
5.Relax. Practice relaxation techniques, such as breathing slowly or imagining yourself in a calm place. Or try a prenatal yoga class, as long as your health care provider gives you the OK.

FOOD SAFETY TIPS DURING PREGNANCY

Food safety is important for everyone, not just a pregnant woman. However, while "eating for two" a woman should be particularly cautious about what kinds of foods she eats, as well as how she handles food. Here are some tips to avoid food-borne illness during pregnancy:
- Avoid fish that are high in mercury, such as shark, swordfish, king mackerel and tilefish. Limit your intake of other fish containing mercury to 12 oz a week.

- Avoid uncooked fish altogether. This includes sushi, and especially includes shellfish such as oysters and clams.

- Certain soft cheeses, such as feta, brie, Camembert, Roquefort, blue-veined, queso blanco, queso fresco or Panela may cause listeriosis and should be avoided.

- Ready-to-eat meats, such as packaged deli or lunch meats may also contain listeriosis and should be avoided.

- Refrigerated pates or meat spreads should also be avoided.

- Be sure that all food you eat is cooked thoroughly so as to kill any disease-causing bacteria or parasites.

- Raw vegetable sprouts and fresh fruit and vegetable juices may contain salmonella and E. coli and should be avoided.

- Drink only pasteurized juices, as these should be free of such contaminants.

- Liver should be avoided as it contains high doses of Vitamin A which may be harmful to your baby.

- Be sure to follow safe food handling procedures when preparing food, including washing with hot soapy water before and after handling food.

- Always wash cutting boards, other work surfaces and utensils with hot soapy water after contact with raw poultry, fish or meat. Do not place cooked foods on the plate that held uncooked foods without washing the plate with hot soapy water.

- Rinse fruits and vegetables under running water before eating, removing dirt with a scrub brush.

- Set the temp in your refrigerator to 40 degrees Fahrenheit or below to slow the growth of bacteria.

NUTRITION DURING PREGNANCY

There is a need for proper nutrition during pregnancy, as the mother's nutritional status will affect the development of the baby. It is during the time of pregnancy, when various changes take place in the expectant mother's body, which are not just anatomical, but also physiological in nature. It is a very crucial time and it becomes all the more necessary for the mother to take care of herself and there arises a need for consuming healthy pregnancy nutrition. Read further to explore information about nutrition during pregnancy…





Some of the changes that take place in the expectant mother and demand the need to make nutritional adjustments are:



Fat And Energy: it is during the time of pregnancy, when fat deposits take place in the mother's body and it is this fats storage that is later utilized by the body, during lactation, for the formation of milk. Owing to this fact, the calorie requirement generally increases by 300 calories. But it also depends from person to person. An underweight mother needs to consume more calories than an overweight mother. Well, it is preferable to consult your doctor, as far as your calorie intake is concerned.



Protein: protein is the most vital nutrient required by the body. It happens during the early and mid pregnancy stages, that protein starts getting stored in the body. And it is during the later stages of pregnancy, when the foetus is rapidly developing, that the body utilizes its protein reserves.



Minerals: as far as the minerals are concerned, it is the calcium and phosphorus that occupy a supreme position. Calcium is vital for healthy bone and teeth formation and it is during pregnancy that the calcium needs are especially high for the healthy bone formation of the foetus.



Iron: during pregnancy, the need for iron intake increases, as this mineral is essential for the body's development.



Vitamin A: vitamin A is essential for carrying out several bodily functions. It helps in improving vision and maintaining the nervous equilibrium. Well, as far as the intake of vitamin A is concerned, there is a need to ensure that you've had your recommended daily vitamin intake.

Pregnancy with Lupus

       Since lupus primarily affects young women, pregnancy often becomes a crucial question. Years ago, all medical texts said that women with lupus could not have children, and if they became pregnant, they should have therapeutic abortions. We now know that these early conclusions were wrong. Currently, more than 50 percent of all lupus pregnancies are completely normal. Twenty-five percent of women with lupus deliver normal babies prematurely. Fetal loss, due to spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) or death of the baby, accounts for less than 20 percent. Not all of the problems of pregnancy with lupus have been solved, but pregnancies are possible, and normal children are the rule.

While it is certainly possible for women with lupus to have children, pregnancy may not be easy. It is important to note that although many lupus pregnancies will be completely normal, all lupus pregnancies should be considered "high risk." "High risk" is a term commonly used by obstetricians to indicate that solvable problems may occur and must be anticipated. A pregnancy in a woman with lupus should be managed by obstetricians who are thoroughly familiar with high risk pregnancies and who work closely with the woman's primary physician. Delivery should be planned at a hospital that has access to a unit specializing in the care of premature newborns. SLE mothers should not attempt home delivery, or be overly committed to "natural" childbirth, since treatable complications during delivery are frequent. However, under close observation, the risk to the mother’s health is lessened, and healthy babies can be born.

Will Pregnancy Flare My Lupus?

Although older medical texts suggest that SLE flares are common in pregnancy, recent studies indicate that flares are uncommon and are usually easily treated. In fact, some women with lupus will actually experience an improvement in disease symptoms during pregnancy. Most of the flares tend to be mild. The most common symptoms of these flares are arthritis, rashes, and fatigue. Approximately 33 percent of women with lupus will have a decrease in platelet count during pregnancy, and about 20 percent will have an increase in or new occurrence of protein in the urine. These abnormalities may be due to pregnancy rather than to lupus. These levels usually recover after delivery.

Women who conceive after five-six months of remission are less likely to experience a lupus flare than those who get pregnant while their lupus is active. The presence of lupus nephritis before conception also increases the chance of having complications during pregnancy.

It is important to distinguish the symptoms of a lupus flare from the normal body changes that occur during pregnancy. For example, because the ligaments that hold the joints together normally soften in pregnancy, fluid may accumulate in the joints (especially in the knees) and cause swelling. Although this condition suggests inflammation due to lupus, it may simply be the swelling that occurs during a normal pregnancy. Similarly, lupus rashes may appear to worsen during pregnancy, but this is usually due to increased blood flow to the skin that is common in pregnancy (the "blush" of a pregnant woman). Many women also experience new hair growth during pregnancy, followed by a dramatic loss of hair after delivery. Although hair loss is certainly a symptom of active SLE, this again is most likely a result of the changes that happen during a normal pregnancy.

See also:

Introduction to Lupus – Types of Lupus – Causes of Lupus – Symptoms

 

Symptoms of Lupus

Although lupus can affect any part of the body, most people experience symptoms in only a few organs. The most common symptoms of people with lupus are listed below. Occurrences of particular symptoms happening are listed as percentages.

• Achy joints / arthralgia (95 percent)
  
• Fever of more than 100 degrees F / 38 degrees C (90 percent)
  
• Arthritis / swollen joints (90 percent)
  
• Prolonged or extreme fatigue (81 percent)
  
• Skin Rashes (74 percent)
  
• Anemia (71 percent)
  
• Kidney Involvement (50 percent)
  
• Pain in the chest on deep breathing / pleurisy (45 percent)
  
• Butterfly-shaped rash across the cheeks and nose (42 percent)
  
• Sun or light sensitivity / photosensitivity (30 percent)
  
• Hair loss (27 percent)
  
• Abnormal blood clotting problems (20 percent)
  
• Raynaud's phenomenon / fingers turning white and/or blue in the cold (17 percent)
  
• Seizures (15 percent)
  
• Mouth or nose ulcers (12 percent)
  

If you have several of these symptoms, see your doctor right away.

See also:
Introduction to Lupus
Types of Lupus
Causes of Lupus

Causes of Lupus

The cause(s) of lupus is currently unknown, but there are environmental and genetic factors involved. Some environmental factors which may trigger the disease include infections, antibiotics (especially those in the sulfa and penicillin groups), ultraviolet light, extreme stress, certain drugs, and hormones.

Scientists believe there is a genetic predisposition to the disease, as lupus is known to occur within families. However, there is no known gene or genes which are thought to cause the illness. There are recent discoveries of a gene on chromosome 1 which is associated with lupus in certain families. Previously, genes on chromosome 6 called "immune response genes" were also associated with the disease. Only 10 percent of lupus patients will have a close relative (parent or sibling) who already has or may develop lupus. Statistics show that only about five percent of the children born to individuals with lupus will develop the illness.

Lupus is often called a "woman's disease" despite the fact that many men are affected. Lupus can occur at any age, and in either sex, although it occurs 10-15 times more frequently among adult females than among adult males after puberty or after the emergence into sexual maturity. The symptoms of the disease are the same in men and women. People of African, American Indian, and Asian origin are thought to develop the disease more frequently than Caucasian women. The reasons for this ethnic selection are not clear.

Hormonal factors may explain why lupus occurs more frequently in females than in males. The increase of disease symptoms before menstrual periods and/or during pregnancy support the belief that hormones, particularly estrogen, may somewhat regulate the way the disease progresses. However, the exact reason for the greater prevalence of lupus in women, and the cyclic increase in symptoms, is unknown.

See also:
Lupus Introduction
Type of Lupus

Types of Lupus

There are four types of lupus: discoid, systemic, drug-induced and neonatal lupus.

Discoid (cutaneous) lupus is always limited to the skin. It is identified by a rash that may appear on the face, neck, and scalp. Discoid lupus is diagnosed by examining a biopsy of the rash. In discoid lupus the biopsy will show abnormalities that are not found in skin without the rash. Discoid lupus does not generally involve the body's internal organs. Therefore, the ANA test may be negative in patients with discoid lupus. However, in a large number of patients with discoid lupus, the ANA test is positive, but at a low level or "titer."

In approximately 10 percent of patients, discoid lupus can evolve into the systemic form of the disease, which can affect almost any organ or system of the body. This cannot be predicted or prevented. Treatment of discoid lupus will not prevent its progression to the systemic form. Individuals who progress to the systemic form probably had systemic lupus at the outset, with the discoid rash as their main symptom.

Systemic lupus is usually more severe than discoid lupus, and can affect almost any organ or organ system of the body. For some people, only the skin and joints will be involved. In others, the joints, lungs, kidneys, blood, or other organs and/or tissues may be affected. Generally, no two people with systemic lupus will have identical symptoms. Systemic lupus may include periods in which few, if any, symptoms are evident ("remission") and other times when the disease becomes more active ("flare"). Most often when people mention "lupus," they are referring to the systemic form of the disease.

Drug-induced lupus occurs after the use of certain prescribed drugs. The symptoms of drug-induced lupus are similar to those of systemic lupus. The drugs most commonly connected with drug-induced lupus are hydralazine (used to treat high blood pressure or hypertension) and procainamide (used to treat irregular heart rhythms). Drug induced lupus is more common in men who are given these drugs more often. However, not everyone who takes these drugs will develop drug-induced lupus. Only about 4 percent of the people who take these drugs will develop the antibodies suggestive of lupus. Of those 4 percent, only an extremely small number will develop overt drug-induced lupus. The symptoms usually fade when the medications are discontinued.

Neonatal lupus is a rare condition acquired from the passage of maternal autoantibodies, specifically anti-Ro/SSA or anti-La/SSB, which can affect the skin, heart and blood of the fetus and newborn. It is associated with a rash that appears within the first several weeks of life and may persist for about six months before disappearing. Congenital heart block is much less common than the skin rash. Neonatal lupus is not systemic lupus.

See also:
http://timesharing4you.blogspot.com/2007/12/lupus-systemic-lupus-erythematosis.html